Below is a listing of economic studies that have analyzed universal, public healthcare proposals at the national and state levels. The academic quality of the studies varies significantly. Additionally, some of the studies analyze specific pieces of legislation, while others rely on the authors' assumptions about how a single-payer healthcare plan would be implemented. Click on the title of any study to learn more about its authors, who funded the analysis, a summary of the study's findings, or download the full text of the study.

If you're aware of a single-payer study we haven't included below, please email us with details at info [at] healthcare-now.org, and we will update our listing!

---

National Single Payer Studies

Year	Author(s)	Title
2022	Christopher Cai, et al.	Projected costs of single-payer healthcare financing in the United States: A systematic review of economic analyses
2022	Alison P. Galvani, et al.	Universal healthcare as pandemic preparedness: The lives and costs that could have been saved during the COVID-19 pandemic
2022	Congressional Budget Office	Economic Effects of Five Illustrative Single-Payer Health Care Systems
2020	Congressional Budget Office	How CBO Analyzes the Costs of Proposals for Single-Payer Health Care Systems That Are Based on Medicare’s Fee-for-Service Program
2020	Alison Galvani et al	Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA
2019	Urban Institute	From Incremental to Comprehensive: How Various Reform Options Compare on Coverage and Costs
2019	Congressional Budget Office	Key Design Components and Considerations for Establishing a Single-Payer Health Care System
2018	Political Economy Research Institute	Economic Analysis of Medicare for All
2018	Mercatus Center	The Costs of a National Single-Payer Healthcare System
2016	Jodi Liu	Exploring Single-Payer Alternatives for Health Care Reform
2016	Urban Institute	The Sanders Single-Payer Health Care Plan: The Effect on National Health Expenditures and Federal and Private Spending
2016	Kenneth Thorpe	An Analysis of Senator Sanders Single Payer Plan
2013	Gerald Friedman	Funding HR 676: The Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act
2005	Kenneth Thorpe	Impacts of Health Care Reform: Projections of Costs and Savings
1998	Economic Policy Institute	Universal Coverage: How Do We Pay For It?
1993	Congressional Budget Office	Estimates of Health Care Proposals from the 102nd Congress
1993	Congressional Budget Office	Preliminary Estimate of the Effects of S. 491, American Health Security Act of 1993
1993	Congressional Budget Office	Single-Payer and All-Payer Health Insurance Systems Using Medicare's Payment Rates
1992	Government Accounting Office	Canadian Health Insurance: Estimating Costs and Savings for the United States
1991	Physicians for a National Health Program	Liberal Benefits, Conservative Spending: The Physicians for a National Health Program Proposal
1991	Congressional Budget Office	Universal Health Insurance Coverage Using Medicare's Payment Rates
1991	Government Accounting Office	Canadian Health Insurance: Lessons for the United States
1971	U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare	Analysis of Health Insurance Proposals Introduced in the 92d Congress

---

State Single Payer Studies

State	Year	Author(s)	Title
California	2017	Political Economy Research Institute	Economic Analysis of the Healthy California Single-Payer Health Care Proposal (SB-562)
California	2017	California Senate Committee on Appropriations	Fiscal estimates of SB 562 The Healthy California Act
California	2008	California Legislative Analyst's Office	Fiscal analysis of SB 840
California	2005	Lewin Group	The Health Care For All Californians Act: Cost and Economic Impacts Analysis
California	2002	Lewin Group	Cost and Coverage Analysis of Nine Proposals to expand Health Insurance Coverage in California
Colorado	2022	Colorado School of Public Health	Health Care Cost Analysis Task Force: 1176 The Health Care Cost Analysis Task Force
Colorado	2016	Colorado Health Institute	ColoradoCare: An Independent Analysis
Colorado	2015	Colorado Foundation for Universal Health Care	Economic Analysis of the ColoradoCare Proposal
Colorado	2013	Gerald Friedman	Three Possibilities for Colorado’s Future Health Care Financing and Delivery
Colorado	2007	Lewin Group	Cost and Coverage Impacts of Five Proposals to Reform the Colorado Health Care System
Georgia	2003	Lewin Group	The Georgia SecureCare Program: Estimated Cost and Coverage Impacts
Kansas	2007	Schramm Raleigh Health Strategy	Kansas – Pricing the Roadmap To Health Insurance Reform Options
Maine	2019	Maine Center for Economic Policy	Assessing the Costs and Impacts of a StateLevel Universal Health Care System in Maine
Maine	2002	Mathematica	Feasibility of a Single-Payer Health Care Model for the State of Maine
Maryland	2013	Gerald Friedman	Financing the Maryland Health Security Act
Maryland	2000	Lewin Group	Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Models for the State of Maryland: The Single-Payer and Multi-Payer Models
Massachusetts	2023	Gerald Friedman	Funding universal health care in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Massachusetts	2010	Gerald Friedman	Cost and funding of proposed Medicare for All in Massachusetts bill
Massachusetts	2005	Kenneth Thorpe	Action Costs Less: The Health Care Amendment Standards and Options for Reform
Massachusetts	2002	LECG	The Feasibility of Consolidated Health Care Financing and Streamlined Health Care Delivery in Massachusetts
Massachusetts	2000	Solutions for Progress	Massachusetts Can Afford Health Care for All: Covering Everyone Comprehensively Without Spending More
Massachusetts	1998	Lewin Group	Massachusetts Comparative Projected Health Expenditure Model
Minnesota	2012	Lewin Group	Cost and Economic Impact Analysis of a Single-Payer Plan in Minnesota
Missouri	2003	Kenneth Thorpe	A Universal Health Care Plan for Missouri
New Mexico	2007	Mathematica	Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of Reform Options for Extending Health Care Coverage in New Mexico
New Mexico	1994	Lewin Group	The Financial Impact of Alternative Health Reform Plans in New Mexico
New York	2018	RAND	An Assessment of the New York Health Act: A Single-Payer Option for New York State
New York	2015	Gerald Friedman	Economic Analysis of the New York Health Act
New York	2009	Urban Institute	Achieving Quality, Affordable Health Insurance for All New Yorkers: An Analysis of Reform Options
Ohio	2018	Gerald Friedman	Economic Analysis of Single Payer Health Care in Ohio: Context, Savings, Costs, Financing
Oregon	2017	RAND	A Comprehensive Assessment of Four Options for Financing Health Care Delivery in Oregon
Pennsylvania	2013	Gerald Friedman	The Pennsylvania Health Care Plan: Impact and Implementation
Rhode Island	2002	Solutions for Progress	Rhode Island Can Afford Health Care for All
Vermont	2014	Vermont Agency of Administration	Green Mountain Care: A Comprehensive Model for Building Vermont’s Universal Health Care System
Vermont	2013	UMass and Wakely Consulting	State of Vermont Health Care Financing Plan Beginning Calendar Year 2017 Analysis
Vermont	2011	William Hsiao et al	Act 128 Health System Reform Design: Achieving Affordable Universal Health Care in Vermont
Vermont	2001	Lewin Group	Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Coverage Under a Single Payer Model for the State of Vermont